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We have noticed a great changes in policies and improvements in policies of different governments, especially in Europe and America but what about Pakistan.
Can our engineers comment on this topic.
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On paper it might be just another project whose cost has risen from Rs102 billion to Rs333 billion that is expected to be regularised on Wednesday when Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani chairs a dedicated meeting of the cabinet committee on energy.
On the ground, however, the Neelum-Jhelum hydropower project seems to be an engineering marvel, the completion of which will not only provide 969MW of cheap electricity to the national grid, but also secure Pakistan’s water rights over the Neelum River, currently under threat from India’s water aggression. A group of journalists visited the area recently. Of the combined 55km length of the tunnel, about 18km is now complete, including eight smaller tunnels. The 32-km main tunnel, which is to divert Neelum waters from Nauseri to Chattar Kalas, has achieved about 4km progress. The mighty Neelum has already been diverted through smaller 500-metre diversion tunnel to dry out the riverbed for construction of 786-foot dam that is currently in progress. With just 30 per cent physical progress, the project has already started to change Azad Kashmir’s landscape. A few kilometers from the Line of Control, 41km off Azad Kashmir’s capital Muzaffarabad where even the armed forced used to have access through a narrow jeepable track often blocked by landslides and snow, a small locality of Nauseri, in the Neelum Valley, now has wide carpeted access road. The presence of foreigners from as far as China and Venezuela and their interaction with local engineers and professionals is already witnessing a cultural change. With this, hundreds of locals are getting on-job training, dozens of others being trained for tunnel boring machines (TBMs) in Germany and many others setting up businesses around the project area. The construction of critical desander at the inlet of the project has, however, been marred by minor disputes with the residents who are still resisting evacuation of the areas despite fully compensated. The first component of the project is therefore facing a one-year delay as the local authorities struggle to manage a delicate dispute so close the Line of Control. “All other components of the project are either ahead of schedule or on time,” according to General (retd) Mohammad Zubair, the chief executive officer of the Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Company (NJHC) – a special-purpose vehicle created for the project implementation. About 22-km downstream Muzaffarabad at Chattar Kalas, a mock exercise has just been completed for transportation of the country’s first TBM on a 70-ton 64 wheeler. The people of the area have never seen a truck of more than 21 tons weight. The introduction of TBM that would advance the project completion by up to 24 months, originally lost to bureaucratic and political indecisiveness, is expected to revolutionise tunnel excavation techniques in Pakistan. In comparison, there are about 22 TBMs currently in operation in India. “Our major focus now is to ensure that TBM reaches project site by the end of February so that its starts operations before the rainy season in March,” says Gen Zubair. The TBM components have reached China from Germany and are currently under assembling process. The machine will arrive in Karachi by the end of January from where it will take about three weeks to reach Muzaffarabad. The TBM will expedite the construction of 32-km tunnel that has to pass 400-metre underneath the Jhelum riverbed to reach Chattar Kalas where an underground powerhouse will be located to dispatch 5.15 billion units of electricity per annum to national grid at Ghakkar Mandi near Gujranwala. Gen Zubair’s another worry is the expansion in the board of directors of NJHC which is expected to be approved by the prime minister on Dec 7. Currently, the board is led by the Wapda chairman and comprises three members and three chief engineers. The federal government wants inclusion of an additional secretary each of the water and power ministry and economic affairs division and special secretary of the finance ministry to have direct access to the information relating to financial aspects of the project. In view of a huge financing of Rs333 billion, the federal government may have a point in having direct monitoring, Gen Zubair’s concern is that this may cause delays in decision making. “Currently we can call a board meeting on a day’s notice to resolve hitches in the project implementation given its national importance; it may take time to secure time from federal officers once they are on the board,” he said. The cost escalation because of involvement of TBM, change in design and specifications after the 2005 earthquake and more importantly currency depreciation, has forced the government to secure $1.5 billion loans and equity participation from the Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) and Islamic Development Bank (IDB) for the project, now facing a financing shortfall of over Rs232 billion ($2.7 billion). Separately, negotiations are already in advanced stages for finalisation of a $450 million (Rs39 billion) loan from the Exim Bank of China to bridge a huge financing gap arising out of over 296 per cent or Rs250 billion cost escalation. The government was also considering raising funds from the local market through public-private participation, inviting leading banks, business houses and common citizens through different financial products, including long-term bonds for institutions and share sale through public subscription in view of project’s strong economic viability despite cost overruns. While the IDB usually provides commercial loans, it is the SFD whose financing is normally considered a soft-term support. The Fund’s loans are generally without conditions, made available quite quickly and easily and its repayment conditions are generous for up to 50 years plus 10-year grace period with servicing costs at about one per cent. Up to 60 per cent of such loans could be outright grants. The project offers robust returns of about 22.5 per cent which meant the project cost could be recovered within 7 years after completion by mid-2016. Even with increased cost, the average electricity generation cost has been estimated at about Rs2 per unit after first eight years of interest repayment. The external financing had become all the more crucial for speedy deployment of TBM and its synchronisation with river crossing effort that is expected to reduce project implementation time by at least 18-24 months. The contract for the project was awarded to a Chinese contractor (CGGC-CMEC) in Dec 2007. On the other hand, India planned to construct 18 hydropower projects along Neelum and Jhelum rivers, providing it with freedom to divert Neelum waters towards Wullar Lake in violation of the Indus Waters Treaty. The Kishenganga hydropower project that has been challenged by Pakistan before the international court of arbitration could reduce river flows at Nauseri – the off-take point of Neelum-Jhelum project – by a minimum of 7 per cent and a maximum of 34 per cent, with an expected energy loss of 13 per cent of $141 million (Rs13 billion) per annum. This loss of capacity will be overcome through a 45MW additional power house at a diversion spillway. Write: Khaleeq Kiani Source: Dawn.com.pk December 05, 2011
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Pakistan’s first Communications Satellite PAKSAT-1R, as a part of Pakistan’s Space Programme 2040, was launched on Thursday at 2117 hrs on board China’s Satellite Launch Vehicle from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre.
PAKSAT-1R has a total of 30 transponders, 12 in C-band and 18 in Ku-band.
The satellite will be deployed at 380E in the Geo-stationary orbit and it will replace the existing satellite PAKSAT-1.
PAKSAT-1R has a design life of 15 years and will provide TV broadcasting, Internet and data communication services across South and Central Asia, Eastern Europe, East Africa and the Far East. This satellite now enables extending of communication services to all areas of Pakistan.
The National Command Authority (NCA) recently approved Pakistan’s Space Programme 2040 during its meeting at the Strategic Plans Division (SPD) on 14 July 2011.
Earlier, the contract for the development of PAKSAT-1R was signed between Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) and China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC) in October 2008 during the visit of the President of Pakistan to China.
Pakistani engineers have worked closely with their Chinese counterparts during all stages of development of the satellite in China. Some experimental units developed at SUPARCO have also been integrated on the satellite for technology evaluation.
China and Pakistan have enjoyed more than 20 years of cooperation in Space Science, Technology and Applications.
The launch of Paksat-1R Satellite is a major milestone for both countries towards strengthening of this cooperation.
SUPARCO will continue its efforts for launching of other satellites including Remote Sensing Satellites, to ensure that the space technology applications fully contribute to socio-economic development and national security in Pakistan.
Source: www.dawn.com
Experts at a workshop on Saturday stressed the need for launching a massive awareness campaign among all stakeholders about the importance of the coastal zone so that they could join hands and use their natural resources in a sustainable manner.
Speaking at a three-day international workshop on Integrated Coastal Management Planning for Pakistan organised jointly by the National Commission for Unesco and the National Institute of Oceanography, they urged the stakeholders — the government, NGOs, coastal communities, etc — to join hands to protect the coastal zone and also to develop it on a sustainable basis as it was a mammoth job that could not be done by any single body.They said that the country has nearly 990-kilometre-long coast and it had three kinds of problems.
A group of scientists that discussed the issues relating to the Makran coast said that the largest portion of the coast — almost 770 kilomtres — was in Balochistan and its major threats included occurrence of earthquake, tsunami, cyclone or some
effect on its coral reefs and some navigational issues owing to temporary emergence of new islands.
They suggested that some sort of an early-warning system be deployed so coastal communities could know about emerging threats.
They suggested forestation along the coast to counter the issue of erosion. Expressing concern over the security situation, they suggested that the law and order situation be improved.
The group discussed the issues relating to the Sindh coast — roughly 220 kilometres — and said that while the coast along the city was heavily polluted the Indus delta was shrinking owing to less supplies of freshwater and mindless cutting of
mangroves. Seawater intrusion was also a big issue that had affected subsoil water as well as agricultural fields.
Earlier, a former Sindh environment secretary who is currently working with the Sindh Coastal Development Authority, Shams-ul-Haq Memon, said that mangrove trees and oil palms were being planted and currently healthcare facilities had also been extended to the island communities by boat.
Dr Shahid Amjad said that at least 10 million acre feet of freshwater supply was required for the healthy survival of the Indus delta, which currently was not being provided regularly.
He suggested that if traditional wisdom and scientific knowledge was combined, the results could be achieved sooner and more easily.
He also suggested that the banned small-mesh nets should not be used for fishing as juvenile fish were caught and fish stock as a whole was affected and subsequently the economy of the fishermen also suffered.
Balochistan Coastal Development Authority chief Akber Lashari said that the Balochistan coast had many beautiful sites, including the scenic beach at Kund Malir, natural sculptures at Rasmalan, Hingol National Park, which could be developed for tourists.
Dr Rashid Tabrez said that owing to the movement of continental plates near the Makran coast, energy and gasses were released and small islands emerged for a short time and then submerged as had happened at least twice in the past couple of decades near the mouth of the Hingol River.
He suggested that studies be done, since hydrocarbon or some other resources could be found there.
Paras Siddiqui, Nuzhat Khan, Pervez Asghar, Rasool Bux Bhutto and others also spoke in the morning session after which groups were formed that discussed and identified issues relating to the Makran and Sindh coasts.
Besides a large number of local scientists, experts from China, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Turkey, Lebanon, the United Kingdom also participated in the workshop that was conducted by Dr Hina Baig.
The scientists are scheduled to go on a cruise to the Indus delta as well as Balochistan waters on Sunday morning to witness environmental degradation.
We often read statements like ‘climate change is a reality’. What needs to be clarified is the difference between climate change and global warming, both terms which are sometimes used interchangeably. Being a sub-set of climate change, global warming is a problem attributed to an increase in greenhouse gases due to industrial activity, especially in the past two centuries. The climate change hype, however, is not without controversy. In this blog post, it is endeavored to form an honest opinion about the significance of climate change, specifically looking at Pakistan since it has been listed as one of the vulnerable countries. This is especially significant as the impact of climate change on Pakistan is very alarming, which can lead to multi-faceted problems.
It is necessary to understand that in addition to current data, pre-historic global patterns of climate change have been researched and recorded. And it is the departure from this natural pattern that the scientists are worried about. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fourth assessment report, AR4 2007, an increase of 0.6 degrees Celsius during last century and a likely increase of 2 to 4 degrees Celsius in the twenty-first century, is expected despite necessary measures being adopted to counter its effects all over the world.
Although 186 countries signed the Kyoto Protocol in Bonn in 2001, countries such as the US and Australia disagreed. The bone of contention is regarding the reduction of anthropogenic, i.e., man-made, greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) by at least 5 per cent between 2008 and 2012. This is so because reducing these gas emissions directly impacts their economy and development goals. The urgency of the situation has been established by the fact that higher temperatures are being recorded each year. We have observed unprecedented floods in Pakistan in July/August 2010 besides other unusual events and, in the southern hemisphere, Australia and Brazil were in the grip of raging flood waters. Sense of concern shown during subsequent Copenhagen Accord less than a couple of years ago and lately, the Cancun Agreement, manifests the lack of interest and the lop-sided approach by various governments.
There are people who hold the opinion that man-made global warming is a physical impossibility and attribute as an unnecessary fear. They believe that there are political and financial motives. Names like Margaret Thatcher and Al Gore are often heard in this connection for gaining political mileage. This group strongly disagrees that man has to do with the unnatural rise in temperature and that polar ice and glaciers are melting in accordance with nature’s plan. While the Himalayan glaciers may not melt completely in the next thirty years, the occurrence does sound alarm bells. It is believed that in countries such as Pakistan, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan, the situation is ostensibly far more challenging.
The important question for Pakistan is: How to interpret the phenomenon of climate change? We need to understand what man-made change (largely caused by the developed world) means to us. The sub-continent is densely populated with just a 5 per cent of the area covered with trees and jungles. It comprises a vast area that has very high average temperatures. Housing designs are such that earth surface heat radiation index stays high. Also, it is surrounded by a large body of water i.e., the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. Even a small increase in average temperature means large amounts of heat content available can cause abnormal weather conditions leading to flash floods. Thus an anomalous rise in temperature would raise the severity level in the area every few years, with an increased frequency of occurrence.
In-depth knowledge in this regard is needed for the prosperity and health of the country. We need to realise that extreme weather conditions will result in droughts, severe winters, localised imbalance of oxygen-carbon dioxide percentages, underground water shortages that will directly affect hydel power, food, agriculture, health and a host of other sectors.
Despite a raised awareness level in Pakistan, a cohesive approach is amiss. Besides policy failure in the energy sector, deforestation is taking place at a rapid speed. There have been numerous reports of tree-cutting at a rapid pace, in and around the large cities of the country.
The good news is that people have started talking about climate change and are trying to delve deeper into the underlying factors to look for solutions. Recently, a meeting was held under the joint collaboration of the Environment Protection Department Punjab with the Ministry of Environment and the UN One joint programme on National Climate Change Policy Draft. The main focus was on the adaptation in accordance with the climate change. A joint strategy by sharing knowledge and resources, not only at the local but also at regional level for instance SAARC, would be extremely helpful in dealing with abnormal departure from climatic variations. It is essential to revisit the minute details of water treaties the country has made with India in light of climate change.
Pakistan has to continuously focus all aspects of climatic variations in order to harmonise with correlated adaptability. Destruction of crops and livestock in a number of African countries is a glaring example of lack of understanding such natural hazards in the absence of a cohesive plan. We need to conduct research through a 3-D mapping of underground water levels in the country and its flow from various directions, so that underground water reservoirs and their status is known for optimum usage. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in association with the concerned departments, should be made responsible to spearhead all important scientific and managerial activities to keep the country at par with the international standards.
The writer is a retired Chief Engineer PTCL and a radio engineer with special interest in ionospheric and tropospheric composition as well as climatology.
Source: http://blog.dawn.com/2011/03/05/significance-of-climate-change-in-pakistan/
Recently I visited an exelent website which claims to “Use our XLC add-in for Excel to display cell formulas as easily readable mathematical equations. Now that cell formulae can be checked directly against the text book you’ll never insert an incorrect cell formula again! It works in the familiar Excel environment so it’s easy to learn and can be universally read. Downloading worked solutions from the Repository gives you a head start in solving technical problems and you can even talk to the calculation authors if you need help. Video material provides extensive XLC and Excel tutorials”.
Although there are so many other websites but I found it unique. You can also visit it.
We are quoting a news from a newspaer “THE NEWS” as :
“Speaking on Monday in Abu Dhabi at the four-day World Future Energy Summit, President Asif Ali Zardari shared his vision of the future for Pakistan. He said that we needed the economy to grow at an annual rate of eight per cent just for us to maintain our current standard of living. Considering that a large proportion of the population is food-insecure and hovering at or below the poverty line, this must have been a comforting thought for them and the seven million or so still displaced by last year’s flood. The president said our current energy capacity in terms of generation was 20,000MW and that needed to double within a decade to meet our economic targets. He omitted to mention, of course, that the system as installed rarely operated at more than 60 per cent of its capacity and that much of it was shut down because of the failure of his government to manage it any better than would a blind beggar.
The president’s vision included a picture of a Pakistan where solar power, wind and wave energy was the way forwards, and he may be right. He lauded the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where the world’s largest solar energy project is ‘in process’ as being a model for the use of sustainable energy that we might all aspire to – and again he may be right. In both cases he omitted to mention that the UAE is rolling in money, has a tiny and very wealthy population and enjoys relative political and social stability – none of which attributes we have in any abundance. To get the best out of alternative energy sources you need very large amounts of money to develop both the technology and the infrastructure, and then a population with a collective disposable income to pay the electricity bills.”
We have observed, so many investers are willing to invest in power generation projects in Pakistan but the problem is who fill the pockets with money of the politicians and department heads. I personally know an engineer who went to Pakistan on behalf of a company to build a solar city but when he had meetings with concerned department and when he was asked to pay advance commission, he was upset and refused at spot.
The company later on invested in India.
My Pakistani Brothers and sisters…. If you need power, gas and other basic consumables, you and your politician have to think “FIRST PAKISTAN”.
Below is the text of the common editorial on climate change. Fifty-six newspapers from around the world have committed to speaking with a single voice on the eve of the Copenhagen conference by running identical editorials on December 7. The News op-ed pages have been a proud participant in the preparation of this call for politicians and states to transcend parochialism and deliver a meaningful deal for the world.
Today 56 newspapers in 44 countries take the unprecedented step of speaking with one voice through a common editorial. We do so because humanity faces a profound emergency.
Unless we combine to take decisive action, climate change will ravage our planet, and with it our prosperity and security. The dangers have been becoming apparent for a generation. Now the facts have started to speak: 11 of the past 14 years have been the warmest on record, the Arctic ice-cap is melting and last year’s inflamed oil and food prices provide a foretaste of future havoc. In scientific journals the question is no longer whether humans are to blame, but how little time we have got left to limit the damage. Yet so far the world’s response has been feeble and half-hearted.
Climate change has been caused over centuries, has consequences that will endure for all time and our prospects of taming it will be determined in the next 14 days. We call on the representatives of the 192 countries gathered in Copenhagen not to hesitate, not to fall into dispute, not to blame each other but to seize opportunity from the greatest modern failure of politics. This should not be a fight between the rich world and the poor world, or between east and west. Climate change affects everyone, and must be solved by everyone.
The science is complex but the facts are clear. The world needs to take steps to limit temperature rises to 2C, an aim that will require global emissions to peak and begin falling within the next 5-10 years. A bigger rise of 3-4C — the smallest increase we can prudently expect to follow inaction — would parch continents, turning farmland into desert. Half of all species could become extinct, untold millions of people would be displaced, whole nations drowned by the sea.
Few believe that Copenhagen can any longer produce a fully polished treaty; real progress towards one could only begin with the arrival of President Obama in the White House and the reversal of years of US obstructionism. Even now the world finds itself at the mercy of American domestic politics, for the president cannot fully commit to the action required until the US Congress has done so.
But the politicians in Copenhagen can and must agree the essential elements of a fair and effective deal and, crucially, a firm timetable for turning it into a treaty. Next June’s UN climate meeting in Bonn should be their deadline. As one negotiator put it: “We can go into extra time but we can’t afford a replay.”
At the deal’s heart must be a settlement between the rich world and the developing world covering how the burden of fighting climate change will be divided — and how we will share a newly precious resource: the trillion or so tonnes of carbon that we can emit before the mercury rises to dangerous levels.
Rich nations like to point to the arithmetic truth that there can be no solution until developing giants such as China take more radical steps than they have so far. But the rich world is responsible for most of the accumulated carbon in the atmosphere – three-quarters of all carbon dioxide emitted since 1850. It must now take a lead, and every developed country must commit to deep cuts which will reduce their emissions within a decade to very substantially less than their 1990 level.
Developing countries can point out they did not cause the bulk of the problem, and also that the poorest regions of the world will be hardest hit. But they will increasingly contribute to warming, and must thus pledge meaningful and quantifiable action of their own. Though both fell short of what some had hoped for, the recent commitments to emissions targets by the world’s biggest polluters, the United States and China, were important steps in the right direction.
Social justice demands that the industrialised world digs deep into its pockets and pledges cash to help poorer countries adapt to climate change, and clean technologies to enable them to grow economically without growing their emissions. The architecture of a future treaty must also be pinned down – with rigorous multilateral monitoring, fair rewards for protecting forests, and the credible assessment of “exported emissions” so that the burden can eventually be more equitably shared between those who produce polluting products and those who consume them. And fairness requires that the burden placed on individual developed countries should take into account their ability to bear it; for instance newer EU members, often much poorer than “old Europe”, must not suffer more than their richer partners.
The transformation will be costly, but many times less than the bill for bailing out global finance — and far less costly than the consequences of doing nothing.
Many of us, particularly in the developed world, will have to change our lifestyles. The era of flights that cost less than the taxi ride to the airport is drawing to a close. We will have to shop, eat and travel more intelligently. We will have to pay more for our energy, and use less of it.
But the shift to a low-carbon society holds out the prospect of more opportunity than sacrifice. Already some countries have recognized that embracing the transformation can bring growth, jobs and better quality lives. The flow of capital tells its own story: last year for the first time more was invested in renewable forms of energy than producing electricity from fossil fuels.
Kicking our carbon habit within a few short decades will require a feat of engineering and innovation to match anything in our history. But whereas putting a man on the moon or splitting the atom were born of conflict and competition, the coming carbon race must be driven by a collaborative effort to achieve collective salvation.
Overcoming climate change will take a triumph of optimism over pessimism, of vision over short-sightedness, of what Abraham Lincoln called “the better angels of our nature”.
It is in that spirit that [56] newspapers from around the world have united behind this editorial. If we, with such different national and political perspectives, can agree on what must be done then surely our leaders can too.
The politicians in Copenhagen have the power to shape history’s judgment on this generation: one that saw a challenge and rose to it, or one so stupid that we saw calamity coming but did nothing to avert it. We implore them to make the right choice.
Source: www.thenews.com.pk, Monday, December 07, 2009
It is good news,at last someone have realized in Pakistan to have a research on global warming with following criteria, may be helpful for policy makers and funding organizations.
“The research utilize meta analysis of existing literature on global warming and public health, the central question of what global warming is all about and how does the latter impact Pakistan’s health in accordance to literature discussion, assessment and analysis. Research objective adheres to the following salient points: impact of environmental change on health, Pakistan context, several causes which bring the changes, how can authorities or general public tackle health related problems caused by global warming. There can be scientific consensus that greenhouse gas emissions generated by human activity will change Earth’s climate. The recent warming by 0·5°C is partly attributable to such anthropogenic emissions. Climate change will affect human health in many ways mostly adversely. The need to summarize epidemiological evidence of how climate variations and trends affect various health outcomes.
Assess evidence there is that global warming affected Pakistan health, reviewing published estimates of impeding health effects of climate change at present times. Researches have focus on thermal stress, extreme weather events, and infectious diseases, with some attention to estimates of regional food yields and hunger prevalence. An emerging broader approach address wide spectrum of health risks due to social, demographic and economic disruptions of climate change. Evidence and anticipation of adverse health effects will strengthen Pakistan based case for pre-emptive policies, will guide priorities for planned adaptive strategies. Indeed, environmental change and pollutants stress individuals and populations, and may be reflected in the global resurgence of infectious disease as these stresses cascade through the community assemblages of species.
Research will suggest framework for integrating surveillance of Pakistan health outcomes with climatic monitoring. Thus, initial concern about the possible effects of global warming have declined with realization that the spread of tropical diseases is likely to be limited and controllable. However, direct effects of heat causes substantial numbers of deaths among vulnerable people such as during summer. Action to prevent deaths from rising is obvious medical challenge presented by global rise in temperature. For example, air conditioning has reduced them in the United States and technologies such as fans, shade and buildings designed to keep cool on hot days have generally done so in Europe as the energy requirements of air conditioning accelerate global warming, combination of the older methods, backed up by use of air conditioning when necessary, can provide the ideal solution.
Despite availability of technologies, occasional record high temperatures still cause sharp rises in heat related deaths as the climate warms such action at home can be effective than transporting the patient to hospital, even in tropical regions. The aggregate human impact on the environment now exceeds the limits of absorption or regeneration of biophysical systems. The resultant global environmental changes include altered atmospheric composition, widespread land degradation, depletion of fisheries, freshwater shortages and biodiversity losses. The drive for further social and economic development, plus an unavoidable substantial increase in population size will tend to augment these large-scale environmental problems. Overall, large scale environmental changes are likely to increase the range and seasonality of various infectious diseases, food inscurity, water stress, population displacement with adverse health consequences (2000).
Most directly, it can generate more, stronger and hotter heat waves, which will become especially treacherous if the evenings fail to bring cooling relief, lack of nighttime cooling seems to be in the cards; the atmosphere is heating unevenly and is showing the biggest rises at night, in winter and at latitudes higher than about 50 degrees. Prolonged heat can enhance production of smog and the dispersal of allergens and linked to respiratory symptoms. Human infections are intricately linked to the global environment by altering this environment, global warming has significant potential to intensify selected infectious diseases ( 2000). Thus, climatic effects are predicted to include crowding, famine, water contamination, human migration, and alterations in vector ecology, all of which increase infectious diseases. Global warming will cause economic strain that may divert public health resources from existing infections. Through planning and research, there can mitigate health effects of global warming by means of policy, politics, and global cooperation, Pakistan may reduce the environmental problems that cause global warming.
Global warming has serious implications for human life, effect of global warming depends on the complex interaction between the human host population and the causative infectious agent, changes in the environment may trigger human migration, causing disease patterns to shift ( 2005 ). Disease transmission may be enhanced through the scarcity and contamination of potable water sources. Importantly, significant economic and political stresses may damage the existing public health infrastructure, leaving mankind poorly prepared for unexpected epidemics.
Global warming will certainly affect the abundance and distribution of disease vectors, altitudes that are cool to sustain vectors will become more conducive to them for instance, Malaria, dengue, plague, and viruses causing encephalitic syndromes are likely to be affected. Some models suggest that vector-borne diseases will become more common as the earth warms, although caution is needed in interpreting these predictions (2005). Clearly, global warming will cause changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases as the ability of mankind to react or adapt is dependent upon the magnitude and speed of the change. Research will depend on ability to recognize epidemics early, to contain them effectively, to provide appropriate treatment, to commit resources to prevention and further investigation.”
http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/global-warming-and-its-impact-on-public-health.html
http://www.concretecentre.com
